This presentation will be underpinned by the ideas expressed in my recent Addiction article Asking the right questions in the right way: the need for a shift in research on psychological treatments for addiction. Change in addictive behaviour is viewed as a natural process that combines elements of self-help, help from family, friends and others, and help from general and specialist treatment professionals. The ways in which those elements of help may be combined is illustrated by drawing on examples from a clinical study – the UK Alcohol Treatment Trial (UKATT) – and a non-clinical longitudinal study – the Birmingham Untreated Heavy Drinkers study.